`ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper`¶

Module Contents¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.BRep(settings, entity, id, shapes)¶

Bases: Representation

as_compound(force_meters=False)¶

begin()¶

calculate_projected_surface_area(ax, along_x, along_y, along_z)¶

calculate_surface_area(arg2)¶

calculate_volume(arg2)¶

end()¶

item(i)¶

item_id(i)¶

shapes()¶

size()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.BRepElement(id, parent_id, name, type, guid, context, trsf, geometry, product)¶

Bases: Element

calculate_projected_surface_area(along_x, along_y, along_z)¶

geometry_pointer()¶

property geometry: BRep¶

property surface_area¶

property volume¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ColladaSerializer(dae_filename, geometry_settings, settings)¶

Bases: WriteOnlyGeometrySerializer

finalize()¶

isTesselated()¶

object_id(o)¶

ready()¶

setFile(arg2)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(name, magnitude)¶

write(*args)¶

writeHeader()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ConversionResult(*args)¶

ItemId()¶

Placement()¶

Shape()¶

Style()¶

StylePtr()¶

append(trsf)¶

apply_transform(unit_scale=1.0)¶

hasStyle()¶

prepend(trsf)¶

setStyle(newStyle)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ConversionResultShape(*args, **kwargs)¶

Serialize(place, arg3)¶

Triangulate(*args)¶

add(arg2)¶

area()¶

axis()¶

bounding_box(*args)¶

box()¶

concat(arg2)¶

convex_decomposition()¶

convex_tag(b)¶

edges()¶

facets()¶

halfspaces()¶

intersect(arg2)¶

is_manifold()¶

length()¶

map(*args)¶

moved(arg2)¶

num_edges()¶

num_faces()¶

num_vertices()¶

plane_equation()¶

position()¶

serialize()¶

serialize_obj()¶

set_box(b)¶

solid()¶

solid_mt()¶

subtract(arg2)¶

surface_area_along_direction(tol, arg3, along_x, along_y, along_z)¶

surface_genus()¶

vertices()¶

volume()¶

wrap_in_compound()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.DoubleArray3(*args)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

fill(u)¶

front()¶

iterator()¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Element(settings, id, parent_id, name, type, guid, context, trsf, product)¶

SetParents(newparents)¶

parents()¶

property context: str¶

Element’s geometry context.

E.g ‘Body’:

property guid: str¶: Mirroring IfcRoot.GlobalId.

property id: int¶: Element’s STEP ID.

property name: str¶: Mirroring IfcRoot.Name.

property parent_id: int¶

Parent object STEP id.

E.g. IfcBuildingStorey that element’s in.

property product: entity_instance¶

property transformation: Transformation¶

property transformation_buffer: bytes¶

property type: str¶

Element’s IFC Class.

E.g. ‘IfcWall’.

property unique_id: str¶

Interal unique id for the element.

E.g. ‘product-186f8dc2-070c-46e1-a65b-a435a043ba3e-body’.

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.GeometrySerializer(*args, **kwargs)¶

geometry_settings(*args)¶

isTesselated()¶

object_id(o)¶

read(*args)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(name, magnitude)¶

settings(*args)¶

write(*args)¶

READ_BREP: Any¶

READ_TRIANGULATION: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.GltfSerializer(filename, geometry_settings, settings)¶

Bases: WriteOnlyGeometrySerializer

finalize()¶

isTesselated()¶

ready()¶

setFile(arg2)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(arg2, arg3)¶

write(*args)¶

writeHeader()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.HdfSerializer(hdf_filename, geometry_settings, settings, read_only=False)¶

Bases: GeometrySerializer

finalize()¶

isTesselated()¶

read(*args)¶

ready()¶

remove(guid: str) → None¶

setFile(arg2)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(arg2, arg3)¶

write(*args)¶

writeHeader()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.IfcBaseEntity(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: entity_instance

declaration()¶

get(name)¶

get_inverse(name)¶

populate_derived()¶

set_id(i)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.IfcBaseType(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: entity_instance

declaration()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.IfcEntityInstanceData(*args, **kwargs)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.IfcLateBoundEntity(decl, data)¶

Bases: IfcBaseEntity

declaration()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.IfcSpfHeader(*args)¶

IFC Header definition: https://standards.buildingsmart.org/documents/Implementation/ImplementationGuide_IFCHeaderData_Version_1.0.2.pdf

file(*args)¶

file_description_py()¶

file_name_py()¶

file_schema_py()¶

read()¶

tryRead()¶

write(out)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.InstanceStreamer(*args)¶

bypassTypes(type_names)¶

bypassed_instances()¶

hasSemicolon()¶

inverses(*args)¶

pushPage(page)¶

readInstancePy(type_as_declaration_instance=False)¶

references(*args)¶

semicolonCount()¶

status()¶

coerce_attribute_count: bool¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Iterator(*args)¶

bounds_max()¶

bounds_min()¶

compute_bounds(with_geometry)¶

create()¶

file()¶

filters(*args)¶

get() → Element¶: Get last processed element.

getLog()¶

get_native()¶

get_object(id)¶

get_task_items()¶

get_task_products()¶

had_error_processing_elements()¶

initialize() → bool¶: Return true if the iterator is initialized with any elements, false otherwise.

next() → entity_instance | None¶

Process next shape representation.

Returns:: Processed entity_instance or None if nothing is left to process.

process_concurrently()¶

process_finished_rep(rep)¶

progress() → int¶

Return current progress (0-100).

Updated after processing each representation.

set_cache(cache: GeometrySerializer | None) → None¶

unit_magnitude()¶

unit_name()¶

initialization_outcome_: Any¶

processed_: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.JsonSerializer(*args)¶

finalize()¶

ready()¶

setFile(arg2)¶

writeHeader()¶

JSON_DIALECT_CREOOX: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.MakeVolume¶

defaultvalue: Any¶

description: Any¶

name: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.OpaqueCoordinate_3(*args)¶

get(i)¶

set(i, n)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.OpaqueCoordinate_4(*args)¶

get(i)¶

set(i, n)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.OpaqueNumber(*args, **kwargs)¶

clone()¶

to_double()¶

to_string()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Representation(settings, entity, id)¶

entity()¶

settings()¶

property id: str¶: Example: 2432-openings-2468, where - 2432 - mapped representation id - 2468 - IfcRelVoidsElement

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.RocksDBPrefixIterator(storage, prefix)¶

key()¶

next()¶

valid()¶

value()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.RocksDbSerializer(*args)¶

finalize() → None¶

ready() → bool¶

setFile(arg2) → None¶

writeHeader() → None¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Serialization(brep)¶

Bases: Representation

property brep_data¶

property surface_style_ids¶

property surface_styles¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SerializedElement(shape_model)¶

Bases: Element

property geometry: Serialization¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SerializerSettings¶

get_(name)¶

get_type(name)¶

set_(*args)¶

setting_names()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Settings¶

get_(name)¶

get_type(name)¶

set_(*args)¶

setting_names()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SvgSerializer(out_filename, geometry_settings, settings)¶

Bases: WriteOnlyGeometrySerializer

addDrawing(pos, dir, ref, name, include_projection)¶

addSizeComponent(fi)¶

addTextAnnotations(k)¶

addXCoordinate(fi)¶

addYCoordinate(fi)¶

doWriteHeader()¶

finalize()¶

getMirrorX()¶

getMirrorY()¶

getOnlyValid(b)¶

getProfileThreshold()¶

getSegmentProjection()¶

getSubtractionSettings()¶

getUnifyInputs()¶

getUsePrefiltering()¶

growBoundingBox(x, y)¶

idElement(elem)¶

isTesselated()¶

nameElement(*args)¶

object_id(storey, o)¶

ready()¶

resetScale()¶

resize()¶

setAlwaysProject(b)¶

setAutoElevation(b)¶

setAutoSection(b)¶

setBoundingRectangle(width, height)¶

setDrawDoorArcs(b)¶

setDrawStoreyHeights(sh)¶

setDrawingCenter(x, y)¶

setElevationRef(s)¶

setElevationRefGuid(s)¶

setFile(f)¶

setMirrorX(b)¶

setMirrorY(b)¶

setNoCSS(b)¶

setOnlyValid(b)¶

setPolygonal(b)¶

setPrintSpaceAreas(b)¶

setPrintSpaceNames(b)¶

setProfileThreshold(i)¶

setScale(s)¶

setSectionHeight(h, storey=None)¶

setSectionHeightsFromStoreys(offset=1.2)¶

setSectionRef(s)¶

setSegmentProjection(b)¶

setSpaceNameTransform(v)¶

setStoreyHeightLineLength(d)¶

setSubtractionSettings(sbp)¶

setUnifyInputs(b)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(arg2, arg3)¶

setUseHlrPoly(b)¶

setUseNamespace(b)¶

setUsePrefiltering(b)¶

setWithoutStoreys(b)¶

start_path(*args)¶

write(*args)¶

writeHeader()¶

SH_FULL: Any¶

SH_LEFT: Any¶

SH_NONE: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SwigPyIterator(*args, **kwargs)¶

advance(n)¶

copy()¶

decr(n=1)¶

distance(x)¶

equal(x)¶

incr(n=1)¶

next()¶

previous()¶

value()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Transformation(settings, matrix)¶

data()¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.Triangulation(*args)¶

Bases: Representation

addEdge(item_id, style, i0, i1)¶

addFace(*args)¶

addNormal(X, Y, Z)¶

addVertex(item_index, material_index, X, Y, Z)¶

static box_project_uvs(vertices, normals)¶

static empty(settings)¶

registerEdge(item_id, i0, i1)¶

registerEdgeCount(n1, n2, edgecount)¶

resetWelds()¶

uvs_ref()¶

property colors_buffer¶

property edges: tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

property edges_buffer: bytes¶

property edges_item_ids: tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

property edges_item_ids_buffer: bytes¶

property faces: tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

property faces_buffer: bytes¶

property faces_tri: tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

property item_ids: tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

property item_ids_buffer: bytes¶

property material_ids: tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

property material_ids_buffer: bytes¶

property materials: tuple[style, Ellipsis]¶

property normals¶

property normals_buffer: bytes¶

property polyhedral_faces_with_holes¶

property polyhedral_faces_without_holes¶

property uvs¶

property verts: tuple[float, Ellipsis]¶

property verts_buffer: bytes¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.TriangulationElement(*args)¶

Bases: Element

geometry_pointer()¶

property geometry: Triangulation¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.TtlWktSerializer(filename, geometry_settings, settings)¶

Bases: WriteOnlyGeometrySerializer

finalize()¶

isTesselated()¶

ready()¶

setFile(arg2)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(arg2, arg3)¶

ttl_object_id(o, postfix=None)¶

write(*args)¶

writeHeader()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.WaveFrontOBJSerializer(obj_filename, mtl_filename, geometry_settings, settings)¶

Bases: WriteOnlyGeometrySerializer

finalize()¶

isTesselated()¶

ready()¶

setFile(arg2)¶

setUnitNameAndMagnitude(arg2, arg3)¶

write(*args)¶

writeHeader()¶

writeMaterial(style)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.WriteOnlyGeometrySerializer(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: GeometrySerializer

read(*args)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.XmlSerializer(file, xml_filename)¶

finalize()¶

ready()¶

setFile(arg2)¶

writeHeader()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.abstract_arrangement(*args, **kwargs)¶

get_face_pairs()¶

merge(edge_indices)¶

num_edges()¶

num_faces()¶

write(polygons, progress)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.aggregation_type(type_of_aggregation, bound1, bound2, type_of_element)¶

Bases: parameter_type

as_aggregation_type() → aggregation_type¶

bound1()¶

bound2()¶

type_of_aggregation()¶

type_of_aggregation_string()¶

type_of_element() → parameter_type¶

array_type: Any¶

bag_type: Any¶

list_type: Any¶

set_type: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.attribute(name, type_of_attribute, optional)¶

name() → str¶

optional() → bool¶

type_of_attribute() → parameter_type¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.attribute_value_derived¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.boolean_result¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

static operation_str(op)¶

INTERSECTION: Any¶

SUBTRACTION: Any¶

UNION: Any¶

property children¶

operation: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.bspline_curve¶

Bases: curve

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

control_points: Any¶

degree: Any¶

knots: Any¶

multiplicities: Any¶

weights: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.bspline_surface¶

Bases: surface

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

control_points: Any¶

degree: Any¶

knots: Any¶

multiplicities: Any¶

weights: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.buffer(*args)¶

filename()¶

get_value()¶

is_ready()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.cant_function(*args)¶

Bases: function_item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

end()¶

get_cant()¶

get_gradient()¶

kind()¶

start()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.circle¶

Bases: curve

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

static from_3_points(p1, p2, p3)¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

radius: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.clash¶

a: Any¶

b: Any¶

clash_type: Any¶

distance: Any¶

p1: Any¶

p2: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.clashes(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.collection¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property children¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.colour(*args)¶

Bases: item

b() → float¶

calc_hash() → int¶

clone_() → Self¶

g() → float¶

kind() → int¶

r() → float¶

property components: tuple[float, float, float]¶: RGB tuple.

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.context(*args)¶

add(segments)¶

build()¶

get_face_pairs()¶

merge(edge_indices)¶

num_edges()¶

num_faces()¶

write(arg2)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.curve(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: geom_item

print_impl(o, classname, indent=0)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.cylinder¶

Bases: surface

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

radius: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.declaration(name, index_in_schema)¶

as_entity() → entity | None¶

as_enumeration_type() → enumeration_type | None¶

as_select_type() → select_type | None¶

as_type_declaration() → type_declaration | None¶

index_in_schema() → int¶

name() → str¶

name_uc() → str¶: Get name in upper case.

schema() → schema_definition¶

type()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.direction3(*args)¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property components¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.drawing_meta¶

matrix_3: Any¶

pln_3d: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.edge(*args)¶

Bases: trimmed_curve

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ellipse(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: curve

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

radius: Any¶

radius2: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.entity(name, is_abstract, index_in_schema, supertype)¶

Bases: declaration

all_attributes() → tuple[attribute, Ellipsis]¶

all_inverse_attributes() → tuple[inverse_attribute, Ellipsis]¶

argument_types() → tuple[str, Ellipsis]¶: Get a tuple of types for each attribute in all_attributes().

as_entity() → entity¶

attribute_by_index(index: int) → attribute¶

attribute_count() → int¶

attribute_index(*args: str | attribute) → int¶

Parameters:: args – A single attribute name / attribute.

attributes() → tuple[attribute, Ellipsis]¶

derived() → tuple[bool, Ellipsis]¶: Return a tuple of booleans indicating whether each direct attribute is derived.

is_abstract() → bool¶

set_attributes(attributes, derived)¶

set_inverse_attributes(inverse_attributes)¶

set_subtypes(subtypes)¶

subtypes() → tuple[entity, Ellipsis]¶

supertype() → entity | None¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.entity_instance(*args, **kwargs)¶

data(*args)¶

declaration() → declaration¶

file_pointer()¶

Internal IfcFile pointer address.

Same as file.file_pointer).

get_argument(*args)¶

get_argument_index(a)¶

get_argument_name(i)¶

get_argument_type(i)¶

get_attribute_category(name: str) → Literal[0, 1, 2]¶

Get attribute category id.

Available categories: - 0 - invalid attribute - 1 - forward attribute - 2 - inverse attributes

get_attribute_names()¶

get_attribute_value(index)¶

get_inverse(a)¶

get_inverse_attribute_names()¶

id() → int¶

identity() → int¶: Entity instance identity, unique across all opened IFC files during current session.

is_a(*args)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfAggregateOfDouble(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfAggregateOfEntityInstance(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfAggregateOfInt(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfDouble(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfEntityInstance(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfInt(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsAggregateOfString(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsBool(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsDouble(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsEntityInstance(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsInt(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsLogical(i, v)¶

setArgumentAsNull(i)¶

setArgumentAsString(i, a)¶

set_attribute_value(*args)¶

toString(arg2, upper=False)¶

to_string(valid_spf=True)¶

unset_attribute_value(i)¶

file: ifcopenshell.file¶: Reference to IFC file to prevent it’s garbage collection, if entity is still used.

file_: Any¶

id_: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.enumeration_type(name, index_in_schema, enumeration_items)¶

Bases: declaration

argument_types() → tuple[str, Ellipsis]¶

as_enumeration_type() → enumeration_type¶

enumeration_items() → tuple[str, Ellipsis]¶

lookup_enum_offset(string: str) → int¶: Get index of the string in enum.

lookup_enum_value(i: int) → str¶: Get a string for the index in enum.

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.equal_functor¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.extrusion(m, basis, dir, d)¶

Bases: sweep

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

depth: Any¶

direction: Any¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.face¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

print_impl(o, indent)¶

basis: Any¶

property children¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.file(*args)¶

FreshId()¶

add(entity: entity_instance, id: int = -1) → entity_instance¶

addEntities(entities)¶

add_type_ref(new_entity)¶

batch() → None¶

Enable batch mode.

Batch mode: 1. Calling remove(entity) does not immediately remove the entity;

it marks it for deletion instead.

When you call unbatch(), all marked entities are deleted in a single operation.

Difference from usual removal: - In normal mode, removing an entity immediately traverses and removes all inverse references to it. - In batch mode, inverse references are not updated per entity.

Instead, the entire inverse reference map is scanned during unbatch() to remove references to all deleted entities.

Batch deletion may be slower than immediate deletion, depending on the size of the inverse reference map.

build_inverses()¶

build_inverses_(arg2)¶

by_guid(guid: str) → entity_instance¶

by_id(id: int) → entity_instance¶

by_type(*args)¶

by_type_excl_subtypes(*args)¶

bypass_type(type_name: str) → None¶

create(decl)¶

static createTimestamp()¶

entity_names() → tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶: Get a tuple of step ids present in the file.

file_pointer() → int¶

Internal IfcFile pointer address.

Same as int(self.this).

getMaxId()¶

getUnit(unit_type)¶

get_inverse(e: entity_instance) → tuple[entity_instance, Ellipsis]¶

get_inverse_indices(*args: entity_instance | int) → tuple[int, Ellipsis]¶

Get the attribute indices for each inverse from get_inverse, that reference the provided entity..

Parameters:: args – entity or it’s id. Maximum 1 entity at the time.

get_inverses_by_declaration(instance_id: int, type: declaration, attribute_index: int) → tuple[entity_instance, Ellipsis]¶

Get instance inverses of the particular type defined by declaration.

Parameters:

declaration – Type of inverses to find. Supertypes are also supported - e.g. ‘IfcRoot’ will also include all ‘IfcRelationship’ inverses.
attribute_index – Find references only from the provided attribute index. Could be set to -1 to consider all attributes.

get_total_inverses(e: entity_instance) → int¶

get_total_inverses_by_id(instance_id: int) → int¶

good()¶

header(*args) → IfcSpfHeader¶: Internal IfcSpfHeader instance, always prefer ifcopenshell.file.header instead.

ifcroot_type() → entity¶

initialize(*args)¶

key_value_store_iter(prefix)¶

key_value_store_query(key)¶

process_deletion_inverse(inst)¶

recalculate_id_counter()¶

remove(entity: entity_instance) → None¶

remove_type_ref(new_entity)¶

reset_identity_cache()¶

storage_mode()¶

to_string()¶

static traverse(instance: entity_instance, max_level: int = -1) → tuple[entity_instance, Ellipsis]¶

static traverse_breadth_first(instance: entity_instance, max_level: int = -1) → tuple[entity_instance, Ellipsis]¶

types() → tuple[str, Ellipsis]¶

Return a tuple of classes present in the file.

E.g. (“IfcWallType”, “IfcWall”, “IfcArbitraryClosedProfileDef”, …).

unbatch() → None¶: Exit batch mode.

write(fn)¶

calculate_unit_factors: bool¶

check_existance_before_adding: bool¶

instantiate_typed_instances: bool¶

property schema¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.file_open_status(*args)¶

value()¶

INVALID_SYNTAX: int¶

NO_HEADER: int¶

READ_ERROR: int¶

SUCCESS: int¶

UNKNOWN: int¶

UNSUPPORTED_SCHEMA: int¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.fn_evaluator(*args, **kwargs)¶

clone()¶

end()¶

evaluate(u)¶

length()¶

start()¶

settings_: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.function_item(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: implicit_item

calc_hash()¶

end()¶

kind()¶

length()¶

start()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.function_item_evaluator(*args)¶

evaluate(*args)¶

evaluation_points(*args)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.functor_item(*args)¶

Bases: function_item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

end()¶

kind()¶

start()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.geom_item(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: item

matrix: Any¶

surface_style: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.geometry_conversion_result¶

breps: Any¶

elements: Any¶

index: Any¶

item: Any¶

products: Any¶

products_2: Any¶

representation: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.gradient_function(*args)¶

Bases: function_item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

end()¶

get_horizontal()¶

get_vertical()¶

kind()¶

start()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.hash_functor¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.horizontal_plan_at_element¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.implicit_item(*args, **kwargs)¶: Bases: geom_item

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.inverse_attribute(name, type_of_aggregation, bound1, bound2, entity_reference, attribute_reference)¶

attribute_reference()¶

bound1()¶

bound2()¶

entity_reference()¶

name()¶

type_of_aggregation()¶

type_of_aggregation_string()¶

bag_type: Any¶

set_type: Any¶

unspecified_type: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.item(*args, **kwargs)¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_() → Self¶

hash()¶

identity()¶

kind()¶: Internal enum item index.

reverse()¶

instance: Any¶

orientation: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.less_functor¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.line(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: curve

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.line_segment(*args)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

fill(u)¶

front()¶

iterator()¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.loft¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

print_impl(o, indent)¶

axis: Any¶

property children¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.loop¶

calc_hash()¶

calculate_linear_edge_curves()¶

centroid()¶

clone_()¶

is_polyhedron()¶

kind()¶

remove_linear_edge_curves()¶

property children¶

closed: Any¶

external: Any¶

function_item: Any¶

tags: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.matrix4(*args)¶

Bases: item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

is_identity()¶

kind()¶: Internal enum item index.

post_multiply_scale(s)¶

pre_multiply_scale(s)¶

translation_part()¶

AFFINE_WO_SCALE: Any¶

AFFINE_W_NONUNIFORM_SCALE: Any¶

AFFINE_W_UNIFORM_SCALE: Any¶

IDENTITY: Any¶

OTHER: Any¶

property components¶

tag: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.named_type(declared_type)¶

Bases: parameter_type

as_named_type() → named_type¶

declared_type() → declaration¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.node(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶: Internal enum item index.

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.offset_curve(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: curve

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

basis: Any¶

offset: Any¶

reference: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.offset_function(*args)¶

Bases: function_item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

end()¶

get_basis()¶

get_offset()¶

kind()¶

start()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.parameter_type¶

as_aggregation_type() → aggregation_type | None¶

as_named_type() → named_type | None¶

as_simple_type() → simple_type | None¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.piecewise_function(*args)¶

Bases: function_item

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

end()¶

is_empty()¶

kind()¶

length()¶

span_count()¶

span_fn(i)¶

spans()¶

start()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.plane¶

Bases: surface

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.point3(*args)¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property components¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.polygon_2¶

boundary: Any¶

inner_boundaries: Any¶

point_inside: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ray_intersection_result¶

distance: Any¶

dot_product: Any¶

instance: Any¶

normal: Any¶

position: Any¶

ray_distance: Any¶

style_index: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ray_intersection_results(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.revolve(m, basis, pnt, dir, a)¶

Bases: sweep

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

angle: Any¶

axis_origin: Any¶

direction: Any¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.schema_definition(name, declarations, factory)¶

declaration_by_name(*args: str) → declaration¶

Returns:: declaration but upcasted to the most advanced available type (e.g. entity, type_declaration, etc).

declarations() → tuple[declaration, Ellipsis]¶

Returns:: returned declarations are also upcasted, see declaration_by_name.

entities() → tuple[entity, Ellipsis]¶

enumeration_types() → tuple[enumeration_type, Ellipsis]¶

instantiate(decl, data)¶

name() → str¶

select_types() → tuple[select_type, Ellipsis]¶

type_declarations() → tuple[type_declaration, Ellipsis]¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.select_type(name, index_in_schema, select_list)¶

Bases: declaration

as_select_type() → select_type¶

select_list() → tuple[declaration, Ellipsis]¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.shell¶

calc_hash()¶

centroid()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

print_impl(o, indent)¶

property children¶

closed: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.simple_type(declared_type)¶

Bases: parameter_type

as_simple_type() → simple_type¶

declared_type()¶

binary_type: Any¶

boolean_type: Any¶

datatype_COUNT: Any¶

integer_type: Any¶

logical_type: Any¶

number_type: Any¶

real_type: Any¶

string_type: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.solid¶

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property children¶

property matrix¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.sphere¶

Bases: surface

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

radius: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.style(*args)¶

Bases: item

calc_hash() → int¶

clone_() → Self¶

get_color() → colour¶: “Return surface color if it’s used, otherwise return diffuse color.

has_specularity() → bool¶

has_transparency() → bool¶

instance_id() → int¶

Possible values for instance_id: - IFC style id if style assigned to the representation items directly or through material with a style; - IFC material id if both true:

element has a material without a style;

there are parts of the geometry that has no other style assigned to them;

-1 in case if there is no material;
0 in case if there are default materials used.

kind() → int¶: Internal enum item index.

diffuse: colour¶

name: str¶: E.g. ‘IfcSurfaceStyleShading-218’, where 218 is style’s STEP id.

specular: colour¶

specularity: float¶: Can be float(‘nan’)

surface: colour¶

transparency: float¶: Can be float(‘nan’)

use_surface_color: bool¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.surface(*args, **kwargs)¶: Bases: geom_item

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_groups_of_line_segments(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_groups_of_polygons(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_line_segments(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_loop(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_loops(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_point(*args)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

fill(u)¶

front()¶

iterator()¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_polygons(*args)¶

append(x)¶

assign(n, x)¶

back()¶

begin()¶

capacity()¶

clear()¶

empty()¶

end()¶

erase(*args)¶

front()¶

get_allocator()¶

insert(*args)¶

iterator()¶

pop()¶

pop_back()¶

push_back(x)¶

rbegin()¶

rend()¶

reserve(n)¶

resize(*args)¶

size()¶

swap(v)¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.sweep(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: geom_item

basis: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.sweep_along_curve(*args)¶

Bases: sweep

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

curve: Any¶

direction: Any¶

surface: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.torus(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: surface

calc_hash()¶

clone_()¶

kind()¶

property matrix¶

radius1: Any¶

radius2: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.tree(*args)¶

add_element(*args)¶

add_file(*args)¶

clash_clearance_many(set_a, set_b, clearance, check_all)¶

clash_collision_many(set_a, set_b, allow_touching)¶

clash_intersection_many(set_a, set_b, tolerance, check_all)¶

distances()¶

enable_face_styles(*args)¶

static is_manifold(fs)¶

protrusion_distances()¶

select(*args)¶

select_box(*args)¶

select_ray(p0, d, length=1000.0)¶

styles()¶

uint8_to_b64(uuids_array)¶

static vector_to_list(ps)¶

write_h5()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.trimmed_curve(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: geom_item

reverse()¶

basis: Any¶

curve_sense: Any¶

end: Any¶

start: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.type_by_kind¶

max: Any¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.type_declaration(name, index_in_schema, declared_type)¶

Bases: declaration

argument_types()¶

as_type_declaration() → type_declaration¶

declared_type()¶

class ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.uninitialized_tag¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.arrange_polygons(polygons)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.clear_schemas()¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.construct_iterator(geometry_library, settings, file, num_threads)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.construct_iterator_with_include_exclude(geometry_library, settings, file, elems, include, num_threads)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.construct_iterator_with_include_exclude_globalid(geometry_library, settings, file, elems, include, num_threads)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.construct_iterator_with_include_exclude_id(geometry_library, settings, file, elems, include, num_threads)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.convert_loop_to_function_item(loop)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.create_box(*args)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.create_epeck(*args)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.create_shape(*args)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.flatten(deep)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.get_feature(x)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.get_info_cpp(v, include_identifier=True)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.get_log()¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.guess_file_type(fn)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.helmert_curve_point(A0, A1, A2, s)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.kind_to_string(k)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.less(arg1, arg2)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.line_segments_to_polygons(s, eps, segments)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.map_shape(settings, instance)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.nary_union(sequence)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.new_IfcBaseClass(schema_identifier: str, name: str) → entity_instance¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.open(fn: str, readonly: bool = False) → file¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.parse_ifcxml(filename)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.polygons_to_svg(*args)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.read(data)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.register_schema(arg1)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.schema_by_name(arg1: str) → schema_definition¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.schema_names() → tuple[str, Ellipsis]¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.serialise(schema_name, shape_str, advanced=True)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.set_feature(x, v)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.set_log_format_json()¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.set_log_format_text()¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.stream_from_string(data)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_to_line_segments(data, class_name)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.svg_to_polygons(data, class_name)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.taxonomy_item_repr(i)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.tesselate(schema_name, shape_str, d)¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.turn_off_detailed_logging() → None¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.turn_on_detailed_logging() → None¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.version() → str¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ALWAYS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ATEND: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ATPATH: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ATSTART: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.BOOLEAN_RESULT: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.BSPLINE_CURVE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.BSPLINE_SURFACE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CANT_FUNCTION: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CARTESIAN_DOUBLE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CARTESIAN_QUOTIENT: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CIRCLE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.COLLECTION: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.COLOUR: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CURVES: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CURVES_SURFACES_AND_SOLIDS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.CYLINDER: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.DIRECTION3: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.EDGE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ELLIPSE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.EXACT_CONSTRUCTIONS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.EXACT_PREDICATES: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.EXTRUSION: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FACE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FILTERED_CARTESIAN_QUOTIENT: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FT_AUTODETECT: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FT_IFCSPF: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FT_IFCXML: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FT_IFCZIP: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FT_ROCKSDB: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FT_UNKNOWN: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FUNCTION_ITEM: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.FUNCTOR_ITEM: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.GRADIENT_FUNCTION: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.LINE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.LOFT: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.LOOP: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.MATRIX4: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.MAXSTEPSIZE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.MINSTEPS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.NATIVE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.NODE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.NOTDEFINED: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.OFFSET_CURVE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.OFFSET_FUNCTION: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ON_SLABS_AND_WALLS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.ON_SLABS_AT_FLOORPLANS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.PIECEWISE_FUNCTION: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.PLANE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.POINT3: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.POLYHEDRON_WITHOUT_HOLES: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.POLYHEDRON_WITH_HOLES: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.REVOLVE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SERIALIZED: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SHARED_PTR_DISOWN: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SHELL: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SOLID: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SPHERE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.STYLE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SURFACES_AND_SOLIDS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.SWEEP_ALONG_CURVE: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.TORUS: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.TRIANGLE_MESH: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.TRIANGULATED: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.cvar: Any¶

ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper¶

Module Contents¶

`ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper`¶